100次浏览 发布时间：2024-10-01 09:10:21
在我国，基于传统的观念，绝大多数的夫妻还是非常想要至少一个孩子的。但是由于各种各样的原因，有的家庭没有自己的孩子，就只能收养孩子。那么，应该如何收养子女?收养孩子的程序、条件有哪些? 收养后可以解决收养关系吗？这一系列的法律问题你清楚吗？
In our country, based on the traditional concept, the vast majority of couples still want to have at least one child. But for a variety of reasons, some families have no children of their own, so they have to adopt children. So how do you adopt a child? What are the procedures and conditions for adopting a child? Can the adoption be resolved after the adoption? Are you clear about this series of legal issues?
一、在收养关系中主要涉及到三个主体，被收养人、送养人和收养人，想要满足合法的收养关系，这三者都要达到法律规定的条件。
（1）被收养人
1、不满十四周岁的未成年人可以被收养。收养年满十周岁以上未成年人的，应当征得被收养人的同意。
2、丧失父母的孤儿；
3、查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童，2013年我国民政部、发展改革委、公安部、司法部、财政部、人口计生委、宗教局联合下发通知切实加强对弃婴的规范管理，禁止任何机构和个人私自收留弃婴，公民发现弃婴后，必须立即向当地公安机关报案，公安机关要做好查找生父母和其他监护人的工作，找不到生父母和其他监护人的，公安机关出具弃婴捡拾证明，然后交由当地民政部门制定的的福利机构临时代养并签订协议，福利机构要及时发布寻亲公告，公告期满后扔找不到生父母或者其他监护人的，，经主管民政部门审批后办理正式进入福利机构的手续。
4、生父母有特殊困难无力抚养的子女。
（2）送养人
1、孤儿的监护人；监护人送养未成年孤儿的，须征得有抚养义务的人同意。有抚养义务的人不同意送养、监护人不愿意继续履行监护职责的，应当依照《中华人民共和国民法通则》的规定变更监护人。
2、社会福利机构；
3、有特殊困难无力抚养子女的生父母。生父母送养子女，须双方都同意且共同送养。如果生父母一方不明或者查找不到的可以单方送养，但配偶一方死亡，另一方送养未成年子女的，死亡一方的父母有优先抚养的权利。其中有特殊困难无力抚养子女的生父母送养子女的，须双方共同送养。生父母一方不明或者查找不到的才可以单方送养。
其次如果未成年人的父母均不具备完全民事行为能力的，该未成年人的监护人不得将其送养，但父母对该未成年人有严重危害可能的除外。
（3）收养人
1、具有完全的民事行为能力，即可以独立进行民事活动的且精神正常的成年人;
2、无子女；不受此条件的约束有以下几种情况：1、领养孤儿或者残疾儿童可不受此限制。2、继父母领养继子女也不受此限制。3、华侨领养三代以内同辈旁系血亲的子女也可不受此限制。4、虽有一名子女，但该名子女患有精神病等严重疾病，将来无法尽赡养义务的，也可领养一名健康的小孩。
为什么是无子女才可以收养呢，这是跟中国的之前生育政策挂钩的，现在国家开放二胎，民法典草案一，更改为无子女或者只有一名子女的条件，民法典草案二是增加了一条，无不利于被收养人健康成长的违法犯罪记录，此外草案二还明确了无配偶者收养异性子女或者有配偶者收养异性子女年龄均应相差四十周岁以上。
3、有抚养教育被收养人的能力，如有正当的职业或可靠的经济来源，能够照顾被收养人的生活并可负担其相应的经济开支等。
3、未患有在医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病，身体健康，无传染性疾病。
4、年满三十周岁夫妻一方需无生育能力。但收养孤儿或者残疾儿童可不受此限制。继父母收养继子女也不受此限制。无配偶的男性收养女性的，收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上;但收养三代以内同辈旁系血亲的子女不受此限制。
5、收养人只能收养一名子女。但收养孤儿、残疾儿童或者社会福利机构抚养的查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童，可以不受收养人无子女和收养一名的限制。
6、有正当的收养目的，不违背社会公德和国家法律及国家计划生育的规定。如果是为了玩弄女性或长期姘居而收养异性子女，就不能允许。
7、收养人有配偶的，须征得配偶的同意;而且必须由夫妻共同收养。
8、收养人只能收养一名子女。但收养孤儿或残疾儿童可不受此限制。
这里需特别注意，无配偶的男性收养女性的，收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上。
1.The adoptee
1) Minors under the age of 14 can be adopted. Adoption of a minor who has reached the age of 10 or above shall be subject to the consent of the adoptee.
2)The loss of parents of orphans;
3)Article 35 and children, in 2013 China's Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Public Security, justice, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, population and family planning commission, the administration for religious affairs jointly issued notice to strengthen the standard management of abandoned, all organizations and individuals are prohibited to secretly take abandoned, their citizens found abandoned baby, must immediately report to the local public security organ, the public security organs to do a good job for children whose parents and other guardians, can not find the natural parents and other guardians, the public security organ shall provide proof of abandoned babies pick up and then passed on to the local civil affairs department of welfare institutions temporary foster care and sign agreement, Welfare institutions shall timely issue a notice seeking relatives, and those who cannot find their parents or other guardians after the expiration of the notice shall go through the formalities of officially entering the welfare institutions after the examination and approval of the competent civil affairs departments.
4) Children whose parents have special difficulties and are unable to raise them.
2. Foster home
1)Guardian of the orphan; Where a guardian places a minor orphan under his care, he must obtain the consent of the person who has the duty to support him. If the person who has the duty to bring up the child does not agree to put him up for adoption or the guardian is unwilling to continue to perform his guardianship duties, the guardian shall be changed in accordance with the provisions of the general principles of the civil law of the People's Republic of China.
2)Social welfare institutions;
3)Parents who have special difficulties and are unable to raise their children. The biological parents shall send their children for adoption with the consent of both parties. If one of the biological parents is unknown or cannot be found, the child may be taken for adoption unilaterally, but if one of the spouses dies and the other parent takes care of the minor child, the parents of the deceased party shall have the priority in bringing up the child. If the biological parents are unable to bring up their children due to special difficulties, they shall jointly bring them up. Only when one of the biological parents is unknown or cannot be found can he unilaterally sent for adoption.
Secondly, if the parents of a minor do not have full capacity for civil conduct, the guardian of the minor shall not send him out for adoption, except where the parents may cause serious harm to the minor.
3.The adopter
1)A person with full capacity for civil conduct, that is, a mentally normal adult who can conduct civil activities independently;
2)No children; Adoption of an orphan or a child with a disability is not subject to this restriction. Stepparents are not subject to this restriction in adopting stepchildren. 3. Overseas Chinese can adopt children who are collateral relatives of the same generation within three generations without this restriction. 4. A healthy child may be adopted if the child has a serious illness such as mental illness and is unable to support the child in the future.
Why is childless can be adopted, which is linked with Chinese birth policy before, now the country's opening two foetuses, a draft of the civil code changed to childless or only one offspring are conditions, the draft civil code of the second is increased by a adoptee is conducive to the healthy growth of illegal and criminal record, in addition the draft 2 clear of adoption of the opposite sex to the spouse without children or a person who has a spouse's adoption of the opposite sex children age should be a difference of less than 40 years.
3)Have the ability to raise and educate the adoptee, such as a legitimate career or reliable sources of income, to take care of the adoptee's life and can afford the corresponding economic expenses
3.Not suffering from diseases that are considered medically inappropriate for adoption of children, healthy and free from infectious diseases.
4. The husband and wife who have reached the age of 30 must be childless. However, adoption of orphans or disabled children is not subject to this restriction. Adoptions of stepchildren by stepparents are also not subject to this restriction. If a male without a spouse adopts a female, the age difference between the adopter and the adoptee shall be not less than 40 years; However, the adoption of collateral relatives of the same generation up to three generations is not subject to this restriction.
5. The adopter may adopt only one child. However, the adoption of orphans, disabled children or abandoned babies or children whose parents cannot be found by the social welfare institutions shall not be subject to the restriction of the adopter having no children and adopting one child.
6. there is a legitimate purpose of adoption, not contrary to social ethics and national laws and the provisions of the state family planning. Adoption of children of the opposite sex for the purpose of playing with women or living in sin for a long time should not be allowed.
7. If the adopter has a spouse, the consent of the spouse shall be obtained; And they must be adopted by both husband and wife.
8. The adopter may adopt only one child. However, adoption of orphans or disabled children is not subject to this restriction.
The age difference between the adopter and the adoptee shall be more than 40 years.
二、合法收养子女流程
收养应按申请、审查、登记程序办理。
1.申请：要求收养子女的当事人亲自到收养登记机关申请收养，按规定提交有关证件、证明材料。
2.审查：收养登记机关在收到有关证件、证明材料的基础上，遵循收养登记的原则及收养法规定的条件，认真审查，严格把关，依法办理。
3.登记：经审核符合收养法规定条件的，准予登记，发给《收养登记证》，收养关系自登记之日起成立。
三、非法收养子女的抚养费
不符合《中华人民共和国收养法》规定而收养子女的，对收养人按哪些标准征收社会抚养费
1.符合法定条件但未进行登记而收养的，按一千元的金额征收;
2.无子女但未达到法定收养年龄而收养的，每提前一年按二千元的金额征收;
3.有子女而收养的，按照子女数比照本条例第四十六条第(一)项规定的标准征收。
